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The City did not use the test results because they had an unintentional adverse impact on minorities and the City believed it would be liable for discrimination against minorities if the promotions were awarded. The City’s decision negatively affected the white candidates, who had expected to be promoted but were not. In its decision, the Supreme Court held that the City’s action constituted intentional race–based discrimination that was not justified by a valid defense, in violation of Title VII. The Court found that New Haven’s desire to avoid or remedy unintentional adverse impact on minority candidates, without more, was not a sufficient justification for its challenged action. Rather, the Court ruled, to justify such a race–based selection decision, an employer was required to demonstrate “a strong basis in evidence” that its challenged employment action was necessary to prevent unintentional disparate impact against minority candidates. The Court held that the City did not demonstrate that it had a strong basis in evidence that it would have been liable for disparate impact discrimination if it had certified the test results. Does the Supreme Court’s decision in the Ricci case change how OFCCP will conduct compliance evaluations of contractors’ employment practices? No. The Ricci decision does not affect how OFCCP conducts compliance evaluations of contractors’ employment practices. Ricci does not change a contractor’s affirmative action obligations under the mandates enforced by OFCCP. Likewise, a contractor’s obligation to comply with UGESP when using a test as part of its selection process remains the same. If a test has a disparate impact on a particular race, ethnic group or gender, the test must be validated as to the particular job for which it is being used. The contractor must also investigate alternative selection procedures, and must use an alternative procedure if it would result in less adverse impact and would be valid for the job in question. What should contractors do in light of the Ricci decision? To comply with its nondiscrimination obligations, a contractor must examine its tests and other selection procedures to identify whether there are any problem areas in terms of adverse impact on a particular race, ethnic group, or gender, and to prevent prohibited discrimination from occurring. The Ricci decision indicates that an employer’s failure to conduct an appropriate job analysis, or to validate a test or other selection procedure prior to its implementation, places that employer in a position that may be difficult to defend should the test be found to have an adverse impact after it is used. On the other hand, contractors that are proactive and subject their tests and selection procedures to validity studies performed in compliance with the technical standards of UGESP prior to implementation will be more likely to avoid problems and successfully defend against any claim of disparate impact. Contractors may also wish to “pre–test” their selection procedures to determine if they would result in adverse impact. The test results would not be made known to candidates or hiring officials, and if adverse impact is revealed, the contractor will have the opportunity to make appropriate adjustments or find a suitable alternative before using the procedure to make actual selections. How will OFCCP address an allegation of discrimination, like that in Ricci, based on a company’s decision not to use test/selection procedure results because of possible adverse impact? Although OFCCP might learn of a Ricci situation during a compliance review, it is more likely that such an allegation would be raised in the context of a discrimination complaint filed with OFCCP or the EEOC. Under a Memorandum of Understanding regarding complaint processing, OFCCP generally refers individual complaints to the EEOC for investigation and resolution, but retains and processes class complaints. If OFCCP receives a class complaint from applicants or employees who believe that they were discriminated against when a contractor refused to use the results of a selection procedure, OFCCP will investigate the complaint using established complaint procedures. Where the contractor defends its action by asserting that using the selection procedure could result in liability for an unlawful adverse impact based on race, ethnicity, or gender, OFCCP will evaluate whether, as prescribed by Ricci, there is a strong basis in evidence for the contractor’s claim. Online & Kostenlos . Textdateien stehen im Gegensatz zu Bin. Die Textdatei kann sowohl formatierten als auch unformatierten Text enthalten. Da es sich um sehr einfache Textdateien handelt, werden Sie h. PDF Converter - Convert to PDF Online Free. Convert Microsoft Office, Open Office, Lotus, images and other formats to PDF and image files. Use the Select file..
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Document Converter convert to jpg txt converter Select files to convert or drag & drop them on this page. If your PDF contain scanned pages. Posted - updated - Solving the cost conundrum GPs have an opportunity to simultaneously reduce overhead expenses and improve their. The Cost Conundrum Pdf CreatorThe Cost Conundrum Pdf ConverterAtul Gawande: The Cost Conundrum Redux. In my June 1st article, “The Cost Conundrum,” I explored the question of why two border towns in Texas of similar size, location, and circumstances—Mc. Allen and El Paso—should cost Medicare such enormously different amounts of money. In 2. 00. 6, Mc. Allen cost $1. United States and essentially double El Paso’s cost of $7,5. Analysis of Medicare data by the Dartmouth Atlas project shows the difference is due to marked differences in the amount of care ordered for patients—patients in Mc. Allen receive vastly more diagnostic tests, hospital admissions, operations, specialist visits, and home nursing care than in El Paso. But quality of care in Mc. Allen is not appreciably better, and by some measures, it is worse. Indeed, studies have shown that the care for patients in the highest- cost regions of the country tends to go this way—with more high- cost care across the board, but less low- cost preventive services and primary care, and equal or worse survival, functional ability, and satisfaction with care. The cause that I found locally was a system of care that was highly fragmented for patients and often driven to maximize revenues over patient needs. In my June 1st article, “The Cost Conundrum,” I explored the question of why two border towns in Texas of similar size, location, and 258 sTUDENT EssAy The Patient-Centered Medical Home Solution to the Cost–Quality Conundrum Michael Ewing, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa EXECUtiVE SUMMarY. The Cost Estimation Conundrum Thomas F. Warner Robins Air Logistics Center Co-Sponsor From the Sponsor. COST CONUNDRUM IN LARGE COMMERCIAL AIRCRAFT DESIGN Many events and concerns have shaped the large commercial aircraft industry – from deregulation in the. And I pointed to positive outliers across the country, including Grand Junction, Colorado, and the Mayo Clinic that deliver markedly lower- cost, higher- quality care. The depth of response the piece received has been orders of magnitude greater than I anticipated. The most gratifying for me has been the overwhelming volume of supportive letters, e- mails, and blog postings from fellow physicians, nurses, and other clinicians who felt that it captured the difficulties they’ve had struggling against a system that pushes them for quantity over quality and fragments care in ways that are costly and dangerous to patients. But there have also been a few skeptics, who claim, in essence, that the costs of care in Mc. Allen are what they should be for good medicine. They raise three major objections to the article’s findings. What about Mc. Allen’s many “Winter Texans”—retirees who live elsewhere but come for the warm weather in the winter and inflate the local costs of care? But in the Dartmouth Atlas, the Medicare costs for an enrollee are counted against their permanent place of residence. The cost of these “snowbirds” are excluded for Mc. Allen. The real culprit is medical malpractice. Mc. Allen is a “judicial hellhole” and doctors are practicing defensive medicine, ordering unnecessary tests to protect themselves against lawsuits, and that is driving the difference. Yet El Paso and Mc. Allen function under the same Texas malpractice laws that capped malpractice awards in 2. As doctors there noted to me, premiums have gone down substantially, reflecting the major drop in lawsuits. And even if Mc. Allen doctors were especially fearful of lawsuits, it is hard to imagine that “defensive medicine” would lead to Mc. Allen’s vastly greater number of pacemaker insertions, knee replacements, carotid operations, coronary artery stents, or home- nursing visits. Certainly the doctors I spoke to there did not think lawsuit fears affect their decisions for surgical therapies and other such interventions. Mc. Allen is three times poorer and unhealthier—and has legions more illegal immigrants—than low- cost, well- served communities like Grand Junction, Colorado. That’s why the comparison in health- care delivery was between Mc. Allen and El Paso. The purpose of discussing these places was to understand what medical communities that have low- cost and high- quality care do differently. They find ways to blunt financial incentives that drive unnecessary care, ways for clinicians to collaborate much more effectively for patients, and ways for the organization to accept accountability for improving the overall results of both outpatient and inpatient care. There are, in fact, examples of exactly this in Texas itself. Scott and White Memorial Hospital has brought Temple, Texas, higher Medicare quality scores than Mc. Allen hospitals, higher patient satisfaction, and the lowest costs in the state ($7,0. As I noted in the piece, Mc. Allen is indeed in the poorest county in the country (Hidalgo County), with a relatively unhealthy population and the problems of being a border city. They have a very low physician supply. The struggles the people and medical community face there are huge. But they are just as huge in El Paso—its residents are barely less poor or unhealthy or under- supplied with physicians than Mc. Allen, and certainly not enough so to account for the enormous cost differences. The population in Mc. Allen also has more hospital beds than four out of five American cities. Here are a few salient facts for comparison . Louis is just as poor as Mc. Allen (it is ranked the third- poorest county or independent city in the U. S.). Its cost per Medicare enrollee? Poverty and poor health are grievous problems for many communities. But in addressing these problems, they don’t spend twice the national average on health care, while achieving no better results than similar communities. One last point worth remembering here: Mc. Allen’s spending was almost identical to El Paso’s in the early nineteen- nineties. By the late nineties, however, it had become one of the most expensive regions in the country for Medicare and it has continued that way. Yet, public data show no sudden decline in health status or income for the Mc. Allen population. A dramatic rate of overutilization during a period that saw a marked expansion in physician- owned imaging centers, surgery centers, hospital facilities, and physician- revenue- sharing by home- health agencies. Home- health agencies there, for example, spent more than $3,5. Medicare beneficiary—not only five times more than in El Paso, but also more than half what many communities spend on all patient care. In the end, none of the criticisms address either the pattern of overtreatment found in multiple studies of high- cost communities or the specific instances I found of revenue- driven care among doctors and executives in Mc. Allen. One methodological question is whether Medicare spending patterns differ from private- insurance spending patterns. There are indeed differences, because the prices Medicare pays doctors, hospitals, and others for services are not the same as the prices that private insurance pays. But, as a series of Dartmouth studies have shown, when it comes to how many services are provided per patient, the utilization patterns for the over- 6. Medicare population are similar to those in the under- 6. As we look across the enormous differences in health- care spending in our country, what we are witnessing are enormous differences in the way medicine is practiced. There are lessons to be learned from examining what the positive outliers do differently to prevent themselves from going Mc. Allen’s way. Studying what they have accomplished, and changing the financial incentives in our system to replicate it, could make care far better for patients in Mc. Allen. Indeed, it could make care far better for patients across the country. Red Alert 3 1. 1. Trainer Download. With the new Command & Conquer: Red Alert 3 1. Trainer you will be able to access cheats such as unlimited energy, add 1. Download Crack Ra3 1.12. 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Radcliffe- Brown dan Bronislaw. Malinowski, serta sosiolog Max Weber dan Talcott Parsons. Awalnya. Almond menawarkan suatu klasifikasi sederhana tentang sistem- sistem politik. Barat, dan negara- negara. Ia kemudian bergabung dengan para spesialis perbandingan. Selanjutnya. Almond mengaitkan pula konsepsinya tentang sistem dengan budaya dan. Jabatan- jabatan tersebut. Meskipun agitasi dan propaganda di Negara demokrasi sangat dikecam. Kampanye dilakukan selama waktu yang. Pemenang Pemilu ditentukan oleh aturan main atau sistem penentuan. A. Negara Amerika. Serikat terbentang dari Samudera. Atlantik di pesisir. Samudera. Pasifik di pesisir. Hawaii di lautan Pasifik, negara bagian Alaska di ujung utara benua Amerika, dan. Pada tahun 1. 49. Christopher Columbus berhasil mencapai Amerika. Orang- orang. Inggris lalu bermukim di Jamestown, Virginia pada tahun 1. Permukiman ini. dianggap sebagai permukiman pertama di Amerika Serikat. Selanjutnya, Amerika. Serikat terus didatangi oleh orang- orang Inggris. Perkembangan. koloni- koloni Inggris berakhir tidak baik bagi penduduk asli Amerika, karena. Amerika Serikat terbentuk dari 1. Inggris selepas Revolusi. Amerika setelah. deklarasi kemerdekaan pada tanggal 4 Juli 1. Perang ini dimulai. Inggris. Perang ini diakibatkan karena sengketa mengenai hak- hak negara bagian. Amerika Serikat. Beberapa negara bagian di Selatan. Amerika Serikat dan mendirikan Konfederasi, Pada akhir 1. Eropa datang ke Amerika Serikat dan bekerja di pabrik besar. Pada awal. abad ke- 2. AS menjadi kekuatan dunia. Ekonominya merupakan salah satu yang. Negara ini juga terlibat dalam. Perang Dunia. I dan II. Pada. tingkat nasional, kepala negara . Presiden . dipilih langsung oleh rakyat, melalui elektoral . Di. zaman modern, para pemilih hampir selalu memilih dengan suara populer negara. Semua anggota legislatif federal, Kongres . Ada. banyak dipilih kantor- kantor di tingkat negara, setiap negara memiliki. Ada. juga dipilih kantor- kantor di tingkat lokal, kabupaten dan kota. Diperkirakan bahwa di seluruh negeri. Para Konstitusi Amerika Serikat mendefinisikan (sampai batas dasar). Pasal Satu dan Pasal Dua dan berbagai amandemen . Negara hukum. mengatur sebagian besar aspek hukum pemilu, termasuk pendahuluan, kelayakan. Pembiayaan pemilu selalu. Dana. publik sukarela untuk calon bersedia menerima batas pengeluaran diperkenalkan. Para Komisi Pemilihan federal , yang diciptakan pada tahun 1. Undang- Undang Kampanye Pemilu Federal memiliki tanggung jawab untuk. US pemilihan presiden. Pemerintah. federal juga telah terlibat dalam upaya untuk meningkatkan partisipasi pemilih , dengan langkah- langkah seperti Registration. Act Pemilih Nasional 1. Dengan lebih dari setengah juta petugas pemilu. Sheriff, hakim. walikota, gubernur, deputi dan senator, antara lain, perhatian internasional. Kongres bikameral (Senat dan DPR) kepada. Presidensi dan Wakil- presiden Amerika Serikat. 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Tionghoa. perantauan dipilih oleh perwakilan. Untuk Negara sebesar Amerika Serikat alangkah baiknya. Pemrintah dan tidak mengandalkan system keuangan. Sedangkan untuk system Pemilu di China itu lebih baik dilakukan secara. China itu bukan terdiri dari beberapa Negara bagian dan untuk. China itu sudah benar. Budiarjo. Miriam. Circuit vs Periodized Training. Circuit Training vs Periodized Resistance Training in Women. Personal Trainers Shouldn’t Periodize. Her goal was to increase the quality of the training programs through a periodized. The idea is to plan 10-12 weeks in. Ryan Overturf, B. S. IDEA Personal Trainer, 1. Study Reviewed: Marx, J. O., Ratamess, N. A., Nindl, B. C., Gotshalk, L. A., Volek, J. S., Dohi, K., Bush, J. A., Gomez, A. L., Mazzetti, S. A., Fleck, S. J. Hakkinen, K., Newton, R. U. Low- volume circuit versus high- volume periodized resistance training in women. Medicine & Science Sports & Exercise. Introduction. Although the popularity of resistance exercise is soaring, the scientific comparisons of “total- body” resistance training programs are in the formative stages. As well, with women, the physiological training adaptations beyond 1. In this 2. 4- week study reviewed, the physiological adaptations of a single- set circuit training design were compared to a periodized multiple- set program in an untrained group of women. Following a brief overview of periodized training design, a review of the methods, results and findings of this landmark investigation will be presented and discussed. Periodization Overview. Periodization is an approach to resistance training programming that includes systematic alternating cycles of weight lifted (intensity) with total repetitions or volume (repetitions x sets) (Fleck, 1. The roots of this exercise program design date back to the 1. European coaches, trainers and sports scientists were coaching some of the greatest athletes of that period. The coaches and trainers determined that no matter how fit the athletes were, they just couldn’t continue to train harder and harder. So the trainers did something quite revolutionary with their athletes’ training schedules. They methodically had the sportspersons complete resistance training phases that included high- volume, low- intensity resistance workouts, and then alternated these cycles with low- volume, high- intensity training phases. Eventually this scheme of resistance training filtered to the United States in the 1. Over the last 1. 0 years, different forms of periodization have attained notable popularity in the U. S. Hans Selye, who first presented the General Adaptation Syndrome (G. A. S.) theory (Kraemer, 1. This theory suggests that the body adapts to training in three different phases. The first phase is characterized as the alarm stage. This is the introduction of the resistance training program where the exerciser experiences allot of soreness and stiffness due to the . The second phase of the G. A. S. In this phase, the body is adapting to the demands of exercise and is becoming stronger. Nonlinear Periodization for Size and Strength. Strength Program Week 1.The third phase is referred to as “exhaustion” or fatigue, caused by training too hard or too long without sufficient recovery. Overtraining is a practical occurrence of what might be occurring in the third phase of the G. A. S. To avoid the exhaustion phase of the GAS, there must be some type of orderly change in the stimulus. The Physiology of Periodization. Most individuals have approximately 5. Mc. Ardle, Katch & Katch, 1. The physiological and metabolic characteristics of slow- twitch endurance fibers, and fast- twitch explosive strength muscle fibers are thoroughly discussed in nearly all current exercise physiology texts. Contrariwise, the physiological explanations why periodization programs work so effectively are just beginning to be understood by exercise scientists.
One accepted explanation is that the systematic training approach of periodized programs provides a satisfactory overload to specific muscles fiber types while other fibers are getting necessary recovering (Kraemer, Fleck & Evans, 1. Thus the recovery is inbuilt in periodization training design. The alternating cycles of high- volume, low- intensity with low- volume, high- intensity provide a satisfactory stimulus/recovery for the different types of muscle fibers, minimizing the possibility of experiencing the exhaustion phase of the G. A. S. Is There . Traditional models of periodization describe a progression from high- volume and low- intensity work towards decreasing volume and increasing intensity during the different cycles. If this reduction in volume is in incremental steps during the training cycles, it is referred to as stepwise periodization. On the contrary, with undulating periodization, training volume and intensity are increased and decreased on a regular workout basis, but not in the traditional pattern of always increasing intensity and decreasing volume, as the training period progresses (See IDEA Personal Trainer, Volume 1. The Purpose of the Study. The purpose of this recent investigation was to determine the training adaptations associated with low- volume circuit- type weight training versus a periodized high- volume resistance training program on muscular fitness and performance in women. As a secondary interest, the researchers also examined changes in basal anabolic and catabolic hormones. The Subjects. Thirty- four women with an average age of 2. All of the women were considered active, but untrained in resistance exercise. The participants were nonsmokers, eumenorrheic, and not taking any medications. Prior to the study, each woman was determined to have no medical or endocrine disorder that would affect the findings of this investigation. Assessments of Muscular Performance. Testing was conducted on three different occasions throughout the 2. T1), after 1. 2- weeks of training (T2), and at the end of the six month training period (T3). Muscular Strength. One- repetition maximum (1- RM) was used to determine muscular strength for the upper and lower body in each participant. The subjects were tested on a Universal weight machine in both the bench press and leg press exercises, following standardized 1- RM testing procedures. Muscular Endurance. On the same Universal machine, each subject’s muscular endurance was determined by selecting a load at 8. RM and measuring the maximum number of repetitions for bench press and leg press. Abdominal endurance was also tested using the 1- minute sit- up test. Anaerobic Power. Each subject performed a Wingate anaerobic power test on a cycle ergometer. The Wingate test is used to determine peak muscle power, which indirectly reflects an individual’s anaerobic capacity. This test involves pedaling against a constant resistance (which is adjusted according to a person’s gender and body weight) at maximal effort, for 3. Peak power was established as the highest 5- second segment of average power output in that 3. For maximal speed evaluation, a 4. Assessments of Hormone Concentrations. Each female subject was instructed to not participate in any type of vigorous activity for 4. This reduction in intensity would decrease the confounding hormonal activity. Venous blood samples were taken between 8 a. The hormone concentrations that were measured were serum testosterone, insulin- like growth factor- 1 (IGF- 1), human growth hormone (GH), and cortisol concentrations. Similar to the muscular assessments, hormone concentrations were assessed at T1, T2, and T3. Assessment of Body Composition. Each subject’s body composition was determined at T1, T2, and T3. Body composition was estimated by a standard hydrostatic weighing technique using a load cell. A load cell is a platform connected to four posts, which uses force transducers with a digital read- out to assess a subject’s body density. This method gives a more precise measurement for hydrostatic weighing, compared to the commonly used spring- based autopsy scale. Residual volume (the volume of air remaining in the lungs after a forced maximal exhalation) was measured using an oxygen dilution method. Training Protocols. The 3. 4 subjects were matched for physical characteristics and then randomly assigned to one of the following three groups: low volume, single- set circuit (SSC), periodized high- volume multiple- set (MS), or non- exercising control group (CON). All workouts were individually supervised by certified personal trainers who provided spotting, motivation, advice, and encouragement to the subjects. The control group did not participate in resistance training, but they did perform their normal recreational activities during the 2. SSC Protocol. The subjects in the SSC group trained on 3 alternating days each week. Their workouts were done in a single- set fashion with 1 to 2 minutes of rest between exercises. During the sets, the women performed 8- 1. If the individual was able to perform 1. To reduce training boredom, the subject’s alternated between two different circuits in the same exercise order throughout the 6- month period. SSC Exercises: Circuit A: Leg press, Bench press, Leg curl, Seated row, Standing calf raise, Arm curl, Sit- up, Pullover, Military press, Hip abduction/adduction. Circuit B: Knee extension, Chest fly, Leg curl, Lateral raise, Seated Calf raise, Triceps pushdown, Back Extension, Upright row, Rotator cuff exercises, Lat pulldown. MS Protocol. Those in the MS group trained 4 days per week and completed 2- 4 sets of each exercise. The researchers chose four days of training to allow the subjects to perform a higher volume of work and to give them some variation in their program design. The Monday and Thursday exercise sessions (see Table 2) were performed at an intensity level which varied between light (1. Tuesday and Friday sessions (see below) were performed using a moderate intensity of 8- 1. This is an undulating periodization design scheme. During the exercise sessions, if the subjects could perform more repetitions than their target zone, the weight was increased for the next set or the following training session. The tempo of each set was modified with the submaximal resistance workouts incorporating more explosive movement speeds. The researchers did not state the time of the concentric and eccentric phases. Between each set, the subjects had a rest period of 1- 2 minutes on light and moderate days, and 3- 4 minutes on heavy days. Sight for Students charity program provides free eye exams to more than 6. June 0. 6, 2. 01. Program corrects ten- year- old Michelle’s crossed eye, immediately improving her grades in school Rancho Cordova, Calif., June 7, 2. Ten- year- old. Michelle Jones of Chicago, Ill., was struggling in school, and her teacher noticed that Michelle had one eye that crossed when looking at the board. Through VSP’s Sight for Students. The 4 Best Software Programs For Interactive Sight Reading Practice Sheet Music Skip to content Skip to content Start Here. If you can’t print the excerpts you will severely limit how useful the program will be. I recommend all my students begin sight reading. Called the Sight for Students program: It is a benefit of membership in the Florida Association of School Nurses. The certificates arrive less than 2 weeks later. For more information contact: Kathleen C. Samson's Sight Word Games and Activities for Kindergarten, First and Second Grade Kindergarten or first grade. The word list not only contains kindergarten and first grade sight words, it also has sight words for students in second through fifth grade as well. A comprehensive eye exam not only ensures that common vision problems like poor eye coordination, lazy eye and farsightedness (not being able to see close up) are checked, but also can detect signs of chronic health and eye diseases. Most of which, if caught early, are treatable.“Helping students like Michelle is what Sight for Students is all about,” said VSP Global Chief Marketing Officer, Kate Renwick- Espinosa. But just as important, her exam provided us with an opportunity to treat her eye disorder before it became untreatable.”VSP works with non- profit community organizations such as Boys & Girls Clubs of America, Communities in Schools, Head Start, National Association of School Nurses, and Prevent Blindness America to deliver Sight for Students gift certificates. The majority of the Sight for Students glasses are made at the VSP Optical Lab located in. Columbus,Ohioand all patients are seen by a private practice doctor who is part of the VSP network.“Sight for Students is providing a critical need to students across the country. Parry, President and CEO of Prevent Blindness America. We are proud to be a trusted partner of VSP to help prevent and correct significant vision impairment, as in Michelle’s case, as well as to help our children succeed in the classroom through proper vision and eye care.”For more information about Sight for Students and other VSP charitable programs, including Spanish translated materials, please visit www. About VSP Global. VSP Global includes VSP Vision Care, the largest not- for- profit vision benefits and services company in the United States with 5. Marchon Eyewear Inc., one of the world’s largest manufacturers, designers and distributors of quality fashion and technologically- advanced eyewear and sunwear; Eyefinity/Officemate which offer innovative solutions and the premier management software and technology to improve overall practice management and patient experience; VSP Labs, industry leaders in new technologies, production processes, service and logistics. Requirements: Usually students must be between 16 and 18 years old. An application must be filled out with references and transcripts included. Because the program is so short, obtaining a visa before entry is not required. Housing/Accommodations Since. Sight for Students Sunlites Tommy Bahama CONNECT / Contact Us WebEx Facebook Media SEARCH Custom Search Search by Model: LOGIN ACCOUNT NO ZIP CODE ABOUT THE BRAND OPTICAL COLLECTION Terms of Through relationships including those with the American Diabetes Association and Prevent Blindness America, VSP promotes the importance of annual eye exams for maintaining eye health and overall wellness. Top 9 Advanced Illustration Programs. Xara Designer (formerly Xara Xtreme) offers amazing speed, a small size, reasonable system requirements, a moderate price, and a powerful feature set. It may not be one of the . It comes with loads of tutorials and video demos to ease the learning curve, and its loyal base of users are extremely zealous. 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